Theosophy - The Value of Devotion - by Annie Besant - Adyar Pamphlets No. 10
Adyar
Pamphlets No. 10
The Value of Devotion by Annie Besant
The Theosophist Office, Adyar, Chennai [Madras], India
Reprinted - December 1911
[Page
1] AMONG the many forces
which inspire men to activity, none, perhaps, plays a greater part than
the feeling we call devotion — together
with some feelings that often mask themselves under its name, though
fundamentally differing from it in essence. The most heroic self-sacrifices
have been inspired by it, while the most terrible sacrifices of others have
been brought about by its pseudo-sister, fanaticism. It is as powerful a
lever for raising a man as is the other for his degradation. The two sway
mankind with overmastering power, and in some of their manifestations
show an illusory resemblance; but the one has its roots in knowledge, the
other in ignorance; the one bears the fruits of love, the other the poison-apples
of hate.
A clear understanding
of the nature of devotion is necessary, ere we are in a position to weigh
its value and to distinguish it from the[Page
2] false Duessa. We must trace
it to its origin in human nature, and see in what part of that nature it
takes its rise. We must know in order that we may practice; for as knowledge
without practice is barren, so practice without knowledge is wasted. Emotion
unregulated by knowledge, like a river overflowing its banks, spreads in
every direction as a devastating flood, while emotion guided by knowledge
is like the same river running in appointed channels and fertilizing the
land through which it flows.
If we study the inner
nature of man, we find that it readily reveals three marked aspects that
are distinguished from each other as the spiritual, the intellectual, and
the emotional. On studying these further, we learn that the spiritual nature
is that in which all the separate individualities inhere, that it is the
common root, the unifying influence, that principle which, when developed,
enables a man to realise in consciousness the oneness of all that lives.
The intellectual nature may be said to be its antithesis; it is the individualising
force in man, that which makes the many from the One. Its self-realisation
is I and from this it sharply divides the not-I. It knows itself
apart, separate, and works best in isolation, drawn inwards, self-concentrated,
indifferent to all without. Not herein can be found the root of devotion,
of a feeling[Page
3] which rushes outward; intellect
can grasp, it cannot move. Remains the emotional nature, the energising force
that causes action, that which feels. That it is which attracts us to an
object, or repels us from it, and herein we shall find that devotion has
its source. For as we study the emotional nature we see that it has two emotions — attraction
and repulsion. It is ever moving us towards or away from objects surrounding
us, according as those objects afford us pleasure or pain. All the feelings
which draw us towards another fall under the head of attraction, and are
forms of Love. All those which repel us from another fall under the head
of repulsion, and are forms of Hate.
Now love takes different
forms, and is called by different names, according as its object is above
it, equal with it, or below it. Directed to those below it we name it pity,
compassion, benevolence; directed to those equal with it, we call it friendship,
passion, affection; directed to those above it, we style it reverence, adoration,
devotion. Thus we trace devotion to its origin in the love-side of the emotional
nature, and we define it as love directed to an object superior to the lover.
When love is directed to the Teacher, to God, we rightly term it devotion;
for then it is poured out before the superior, and shows in perfection the[Page
4] characteristic of all love
given to those who are greater than ourselves, the characteristic of self-surrender.
Here we have the touchstone
by which we can separate it from the fanaticism which has inspired religious
wars, religious persecutions religious animosities. These have their roots
in hatred, not in love; they repel us from others instead of drawing us towards
them. In the name of love to God, men injure their fellows; but when we analyse
the motive power of their actions we do not find it in their love, but in
their sense that they are right and others wrong, in the separateness they
feel from others, in the feeling of repulsion from them because of their
supposed wrongness, i.e., in hate. Out of this come the bitter waters
that sterilise the heart over which they flow. By this we can judge what
we regard as devotion in ourselves; if it makes us humble, gentle, tolerant,
friendly to all, then is it true devotion; if it makes us proud, harsh, separate,
suspicious of all, then, however fair its seeming, it is dross, not gold.
Now
devotion being a form of love, it can only flow out when an object presents
itself which is attractive in its own nature, i.e., happiness-giving.
All men seek happiness, and that attracts them, draws them towards itself,
which[Page
5] seems
to them to make for happiness. Happiness is the feeling which accompanies
the increase of life, and true and permanent bliss lies in union with the Self,
the All-life, in conscious Self-identification with and expansion into the
All; all efforts after happiness are efforts to unite with objects in order
to absorb their life, thereby expanding the life that absorbs them. Happiness
results from this union, because thereby the feeling of life is increased.
Fundamentally the impulse to union comes from the Self, seeking to overpass
the barriers which separate his selves on the lower planes, and the attraction
between selves is the seeking by the Self in each of the Self in the other. " Lo!
not for the sake of the husband is the husband dear, but for the sake of
the Self the husband is dear. Lo! not for the sake of the wife is the wife
dear, but for the sake of the Self the wife is dear." And so also with sons,
wealth, Brãhmanas, Kshattriyas, the worlds,
the Gods, the Vedas, the elements, until: " Lo! not for the sake of the All
is the All dear, but for the sake of the Self the All is dear". [Brhadãranyakopanishad,
VI. v.6] The Self seeks the Self, and this
is the universal search for happiness, ever frustrated by the clash of form
with form, the obstruction of the vehicles in which the separated selves
abide.[Page
6]
In order to draw out devotion,
then, an object which is attractive must be presented to man, and we find
such objects presented most completely in the revelations of the Supreme
Self made through human form in the God-Men who appear from time
to time — the Avatãras,
or Divine Incarnations. Such beings are rendered supremely attractive by the
beauty of character They manifest, by the rays of the Self which shine
through the human veil, imperfectly concealing their divine loveliness.
When He who is Beauty and Love and Bliss shows a little portion of
Himself on earth, encased in human form, the weary eyes of men light up,
the tired hearts of men expand, with a new hope, a new vigour. They are
irresistibly attracted to Him; devotion spontaneously springs up. Among
Christians the intensity of religious devotion flows out to Christ, the Divine
Man regarded as an incarnation of Deity, far more than to God in the
abstract. It is His human side, His life and death, His sympathy and
compassion, His gentle wisdom and patient sufferings, which stir men's
hearts to a passion of devotion; as the Man of Sorrows the innocent
and willing Sufferer, He wins perennially the love of men; it is the memory
of Him as Man that holds men captive; as phrased by one of His devotees:
The Cross of Christ Is
more to us than all His miracles.[Page 7]
And
so in the God-Men of other faiths; it is Shrî Rãma the Divine
King, Shrî Krshna the Friend and Lover, who win the undying, passionate
devotion of millions of human hearts. They render Deity attractive by
softening its dazzling radiance into a light that human eyes can bear as
it shines through the veil of humanity; they limit the divine attributes
till they become small enough for the human intelligence to grasp. These
stand as Objects of devotion, attracting love by Their perfect loveableness;
They need only to be seen to be loved; where They are not loved it is merely
because They are not seen. Devotion to Divine Men is not a matter for
discussion or for argument; the moment one of Them is seen by the inner
vision, the heart rushes out to Him and falls unbidden at His feet. Devotion
may be cultivated by the reason, may be approved of and nurtured by the
intelligence; but its primary impulse comes from the heart, not from the
head, and flows out spontaneously to the Object that attracts it, to the
shining of the Self through a translucent veil, to the Heart's Desire in
manifested form.
Next,
as objects of devotion, come the Teachers who, having Themselves obtained
liberation, remain voluntarily within touch of humanity, retaining human
bodies while the Jîvãtma enjoys nirvanic consciousness. They
stand, as it were, between[Page
8] the
Avatãras and the earthly teachers
who are Their disciples, and who have not yet reached liberation; but to
the eyes of men on earth They are scarce distinguishable from the Avataras
Themselves, and They draw men with the same overmastering attraction.
The Avatãra truly is greater, but that greatness lies on the side
turned away from earth, and we can imagine no completer perfection than
that of the Masters of the Wisdom.
Then come, in more
constant physical communication with men, the teachers who are the immediate
spiritual guides of those whose faces are turned to the steep path that leads
to the heights, to the snowy mountains of human perfection. Still marred
by weaknesses though they be, these have advanced sufficiently beyond their
fellow-men to serve as their guides and helpers; and for the most part the
earlier stages of progress are trodden by devotion to them. Further, as they
are near the threshold of liberation, they will shortly pass into the class
beyond them, and, as spiritual links are imperishable, will then be able,
with added force, to draw their devotees after them. Love given to them strengthens
and expands the nature of their lovers, and there is no surer path to devotion,
in its highest meaning, than the love and trust given to the earthly teacher.
Nowhere has this been realized so[Page
9] strongly as in the East, where
the love and service of the teacher have ever been held as necessary to spiritual
progress. Much of the decay of modern India is due to the ignorance, the
pride, the unspirituality of those who still wear the ancient name while
devoid of all the qualities once implied by it; for as the best wine makes
the sharpest vinegar, so is the degradation of the highest the lowest depth.
How shall devotion,
then, be evoked and nourished ? Only by meeting in the outer or inner world
a fit object of devotion, and by yielding fully and unreservedly to the attraction
it exercises. The glad and cordial recognition of excellence wherever found,
the checking of the critical and carping spirit that fixes on defects and
ignores virtues, these things prepare the soul to recognise his teacher when
he appears. Many a one misses his teacher by the mental habit of fixing the
attention on blemishes rather than on beauties, by seeing only the sun-spots
and not the Sun. Further, the recognition of excellence shows the capacity
to reproduce it; sympathetic vibrations are given out only by a string tuned
to produce by itself a similar note; the soul knows his kin, even though
they be older than himself, and only those akin to greatness are wakened
by the great to response.[Page
10]
When the teacher is found
and the tie with him is made, the first great step is taken. Then follows
the steady culture of devotion to him, and through him to Those beyond
and to the Supreme Self, manifested in form. This must never be forgotten,
for the teacher is a means not an end, a transmitter not an originator
of the divine light, a moon not a sun. He helps, strengthens, guides, evolves
his pupil; but the end is the shining out of the Self in the disciple,
the Self who is one, and is in teacher and disciple alike.
Devotion
to the embodiment of the Self spoken of as the Avatãra
may be nourished and increased by reading and meditating on
His sayings and the incidents of His life on earth. It is a good
plan to read over an incident and then vividly picture
it in the mind, using the imagination to produce a full and detailed picture,
and feeling one's self as present in it, a spectator or an actor
therein. This " scientific use of the imagination" is a
great provocative of devotion, and it actually brings the devotee into
touch with the scene depicted; so that he may one day
find himself scanning the ãkãshic record of the event,
a very part of that living picture, learning undreamed-of lessons from his
presence there.
Another way of
cultivating devotion is to be much in company with those in whom devotion[Page
11] burns
more brightly than in ourselves. As burning wood thrown into a smouldering
fire will cause a flame to burst out brightly again, so the nearness of
the warm fire of devotion in another rekindles the flagging energy of a
weaker soul. Here again the disciple may gain much by frequenting the company
of his teacher whose steadier force will energise his own. Nãrada,
in his admirable Sûtras, thus instructs us on the culture of devotion,
and who should teach better than that ideal devotee ?
Almost needless
to add that the direct contemplation of, meditation on, and adoration of,
the object of devotion quicken and intensify the love. In the hurry of modern
life we are apt to forget the power of quiet thought, and to grudge the
time necessary for its exercise. Thought of the one we
love increases love, and the would-be devotee must give time to
the object of his devotion; and it is not his thought alone that
is at work. As little can a plant grow without sunlight, as
devotion without the warming and energising rays that stream
from its object; the older soul pours out far more love than he
receives, and his light and heat permeate and strengthen
the younger soul. The teacher loves his disciple, and God loves His devotee,
far more than the disciple loves his teacher, or the devotee his God.
The love of the devotee for[Page
12] his Lord is but a faint
reflexion of the love of Him who is Love itself. It is said that if a child
throws a pebble to the ground, the whole great earth moves towards the
pebble as well as draws the pebble to itself; attraction cannot be one-sided.
In the spiritual world when man makes one step towards God, God makes a hundred
steps towards man, for greatness there means greatness in giving, and the
ocean pours forth its measureless depths towards any drop that seeks its
bosom.
Having seen what devotion
is, what its objects are, how it can be increased, we may fitly measure its
value so as to find motive for attaining it.
Devotion
changes the devotee into the likeness of the one he loves. Solomon, the
wise Hebrew, declares that "as a man thinks so he is". The Chhãndogyopanishad teaches
that " man is created by thought; what he
thinks of, that he becomes". But the intellect alone cannot easily be shaped
into the likeness of the Supreme. As cold iron is hard, and incapable of
being worked, but heated in the furnace becomes fluid and flows readily
into any desired mould, so is it with the intellect. It must be melted in the
fire of devotion, and then it will quickly be shaped into the likeness of the
Beloved. Even love between equals, where it is strong and faithful[Page
13]
and long-continued, moulds them
into each other's likeness; husband and wife become like each other, close
friends grow similar each to each. And love directed to one above us exercises
its transforming power still more forcibly, and easily shapes the nature
it renders plastic into the likeness which is enshrined in the heart.
Devotion
prevents the making of new karma, and when the old is exhausted the devotee
is free. The great Christian teacher, S. Paul, writing of himself, declared
that he no longer lived but Christ lived in him; and this saying becomes
true of each devotee as his devotion leads him to surrender himself utterly
to the one he loves. He thinks of his body not as his, but as an instrument
used by his Lord for the world's helping; all his actions are done because
they are the duty given him by his Beloved; does he eat, it is not to gratify
the palate, but to keep in working order his Lord's instrument; does he
think, it is not for the pleasure of thinking, but in order that his Lord's
work may be the better done; he merges his life in the life he loves, thinks,
works, acts, in union with that higher life, merging his smaller rill of
being in the larger stream, and finding a deep joy in feeling himself part
of the fuller life. So it is written: " Whatsoever thou doest, whatsoever
thou eatest, whatsoever thou offerest, whatsoever thou[Page
14] givest,
whatsoever them doest of austerity, 0 son of Kuntî, do thou that
as an offering unto Me. Thus shalt thou be liberated from the bonds of
action (yielding) good and evil fruits" (Bhagavad-Gîtã,
ix. 27, 28). Where fruits of action are not desired, where actions are
done only as sacrifice, no karma is made by the actor, and he is not bound
by them to the wheel of births and deaths.
Devotion
cleanses the heart. Once again Shrî Krshna teaches
us, and the words at first seem strange: " Even if the
most sinful worship me with undivided heart, he too must be
accounted righteous." Why ? — we naturally ask; and the
answer comes: " Because he hath rightly resolved speedily he becomethdutiful, and goeth to peace eternal" (Ibid. 30,
31). In the higher world men are judged by motives not by actions, by
inner attitude not by external signs. When a man feels devotion to the
Supreme, he has turned his back on evil and has turned his
face to the goal; he may stumble, stray, even fall, but
his face is turned in the right direction, he is going homewards; he must
needs become dutiful by the force of his devotion, for seeking
union with his Beloved he will swiftly cast away everything that
prevents the union; to Him who sees the end from the
beginning he is righteous when his face is turned
to righteousness; his love[Page
15] will burn up in him the evil
that veils from him the Being he adores, and produce in him the likeness
that he worships. So sure is this action, so inviolable the law, that he
is accountedrighteous.
Of the two great classes of the self-seekers and the seekers of the Self,
he has changed from the first into the second.
Devotion puts an end
to pain. That which we do for the object of our love is done with joy, and
pain is merged in gladness when it is endured for the sake of the one we love.
The mere earthly lover will gladly undergo hardships, perils, sufferings,
to win approval from, or to gain something desirable for, his beloved. Why
should not the one who has caught a glimpse of the beauty of the Self do
joyfully all that brings him nearer to union, sacrifice ungrudgingly, nay,
with delight, all that withholds him from the bridal of the inner life ?
For the sake of being with one we love, we readily endure inconvenience,
sacrifice comfort, the joy of the presence of the loved one lending charm
to the surmounting of all obstacles that separate. Thus devotion makes hard
things easy, and painful things pleasant. For love is the world-alchemist
and transmutes all to gold.
Devotion gives peace.
The heart at peace in the Self is at peace with all. The devotee sees the
Self in all; all forms around him bear the[Page
16]
impress of the Beloved. How then
can he hate or despise or repel any, when the Face he loves smiles at him
behind every mask ? " Sages look
with equal eye on a Brãhmana adorned with learning and humility,
on a cow, an elephant, and even a dog and a dog-eater" (Bhagavad-Gîtã,
v. 18). No one, nothing, can be outside the heart of the devotee, since
nothing is outside the embrace of his Lord. If we love the very objects
touched by the one we love, how shall we not love all forms in which the
Beloved is enshrined? A child in his play may draw over his laughing face
a hideous mask, but the mother knows her darling is underneath; and when
in the world-lîlã the Lord is hidden under forms repulsive,
His lovers are not repelled, but see only Him. There is no creature, moving
or unmoving, that exists bereft of Him, and in the heart-chamber of the
vilest sinner the Holiest abides.
Thus
we return, to our starting-point and learn to recognise the devotee by
his aspect to his fellow-creatures. His abounding love, his tenderness,
his compassion, his pity, his sympathy with all faiths and all ideals,
these mark him out as a lover of the Lord of Love. It is told of Shrî Rãmãnujachãrya
that a mantra was once given him by his Guru, and he asked what would
happen if he told it to another: " Thou wilt [Page
17] die," was the answer.
"And what will happen to the one who hears it ? ". " He will be liberated".
Then out ran the devotee of Shrî Krshna, and, flying to the top of
a tower, he shouted out the mantra to the crowded streets below, careless
what happened to himself so that others should be set free from sin and
sorrow. There is the typical devotee, there the lover transformed into
the likeness of the Beloved,